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They were re-enacted by each shogun in succession on assuming office. iests is merely a mask of hypocrisy and serves only toconceal pernicious designs against the empire. Inthis latter sum was included 40,000 ryo, customs duties collected atNagasaki, and 6000 ryo yielded by a tax on sake. FAMINE IN THE TEMPO ERA (1830-1844)From 1836 onward, through successive years, one bad harvest followedanother until the prices of rice and other cereals rose tounprecedented figures.

But, from the days of Ietsuna, the wives and children of thedaimyo were allowed to return to their provinces, and under theeighth shogun, Yoshimune, the system of sankin kotai ceased to bebinding. He had no allies, and the numericalinferiority of his troops was overwhelming. Yet the chief reason was very simple. Defence andattack were equally obstinate, and the advantage of position as wellas of numbers was with the former.